While both celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) occur in response to gluten, the underlying pathophysiology, symptoms and complications differ.
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition. Chronic diarrhea with associated nutrient deficiencies and weight loss characterize the condition. Multiple systemic complications can occur with celiac disease.
NCGS is a non-immune mediated reaction to gluten that results in functional digestive symptoms including abdominal pain and abnormal bowel motility. There can be non-intestinal symptoms, typically of a less severe nature. Increased consumption of hybridized wheat, widespread use of glyphosate, an herbicide, and poor diet are implicated in NCGS
The illustration (TAP) gives great detail on the differences.